Sunday, March 27, 2016

Video Notes

Video One

There are three types of money in the money market. These three types of money are the commodity, representative, and the fiat money. In commodity money (cosidered the most primitive type of money), people are able to their trade goods with other goods. With representative money, the currency represents a specific quantity of metal (gold and silver). Finally fiat money is money that is only backed by the government's word.

Video Two

When you label a money market graph, you must have the acis correctly labeled. The y-axis is should always be labled "Interst rate", while the x-axis is labled "Price Quantity". Like always demand is downward sloping. The money supply should be vertical since it does not vary baed on the interest rate. Shifting the demand or supply will change the interest rate and price quantity accordingly. 

Video Three

THere are two main optionsfor the FED when it come to money supply, which is expansionary and contractionary. Expansionary is typically used during a recession while the later is enforced during an inflationary period. Th percent of cash that a bank need to store in "reserve" is known as the reserve requirement. In order for the FED to raise the money supply, they would need to lower the reserve requiremtent. Another tool the FED may use is the discount rate, which is the rate in which banks may borrow money from other banks. The final method used by the FED is the buying and selling of bonds. To increse the money supply the FED would buy bonds, but if they which to lower the money supply they would have to sell bonds.

Video Four

On the y-axis of the loanable funds markey graph is interest while the x-axis is quantity. Again the demanad is downward sloping, and the supply is upward sloping. The supply in a loanable funds market graph is dependent on savings. The more money saved by the banks, the more they can giveout as loans. 

Video Five

In order to determine the total cash created in a certain loan amount, you must determine the money multiplier (1/rrr). You then multiply the money multiplier with the loan amount which gives the total money created. This process is called the money creation process and states that banks create money by making loans. THis process assums that there is no excess reserve

Video Six 

The loanable funds, money market, and AD-AS mdel graphs all have a direct relationship with one another. This means a change in one will graph will affect the remaining two. An increase in interest rate will also increse the price leve This relationship is known as the Fisher effect. 

Friday, March 4, 2016

Fiscal Policy


  • Changes in the expenditure or tax revenues of the federal government
  • 2 tools of fiscal policy
    •  taxes: gov't can increase or decrease
    •  spending: gov't can increase or decrease
  • Fiscal Policy is enacted to promote our nation's economic goals: full employment, price stability, economic growth



Defecits, Surpluses, & Debt

  • Balanced Budget: revenue = expenditures
  • Budget Deficit: revenue < expenditures
  • Budget surplus: revenue > expenditures
  • Gov't Debt: sum if all deficit - sum of all surpluses
  • Gov't must borrow money when in a budget deficit from:
    • Individuals
    • Corporations
    • Financial institutions
    • Foreign Entities


2 policies


  • DISCRETIONARY FISCAL POLICY: (action)
    • Expansionary: think deficit
    • Contractionary: think surplus
  • NONDISCRETIONARY: (Nonaction)
  • Discretionary: Increase or decrease in gov't spending and/or taxes in order to return the economy to full employment
  •  Automatic: unemployment compensation & marginal tax rates are examples that help miligate the effects of recession & inflation
  • Contractionary: decrease AD (control inflation)
  • Expansionary: increase AD
  • Expansionary:
    • Recession is countered with this policy
    •   (Increase gov't spending, decrease taxes)
  • Contractionary: inflation is countered (decrease gov't spending, increase taxes)
    • Automatic or built in stabilizers
    • anything that increases the gov't budget deficit during a recession & increase budget surplus
    • doesnt requiring action from policymakers


Tax Systems:


  • Progressive: avg tax rate (tax revenues/GDP) rises with GDP
  • Proportional: avg tax rate remains constant as GDP changes
  • Regressive: avg tax rate that falls with GDP

Consumption & Saving


  •  Disposable Income
    • Income after Taxes or net income
    • DI = Gross income - taxes
  • 1. Consume (spend money on goods & services)
  • 2. Save


Consumption


  • Household spending
  • Ability to consume is constrained by
    • the amount of disposable income
    • the propensity to save
  • Do households consume if DI = 0
    • Autonomous consumption
    • Dissaving
  • APC = C/DI = percent DI that is spent
    • (Avg propensity to consume)


Saving


  • Household not spending
  • The ability to save is constrained by
    • the amount of disposable income
    • the propensity to consume
  • Do households save if DI = 0
    • NO
  • APS = S/DI = percent DI that is not spent
    • (Avg propensity to save)
  • APC + APS = 1
  • 1 - APC = APS
  • 1 - APS = APC
  • APC > 1 .:Dissaving
  • -APS = .: Dissaving


MPC & MPS


  • Marginal Propensity to consume
    • change in C/change in DI
    • Percent of every extra dollar earned that is spent
  • Marginal Propensity to Save
    • change in S/change in DI
    • percent of every extra dollar earned that is saved

Determinants of Consumption and Savings 


  • WEALTH
  • EXPECTATION
  • HOUSEHOLD DEBTS
  • TAXES


Spending Multiplier Effect


  • An initial change in spending (C, Ig, G, Xn) causes a larger change in aggregate spending or in aggregate demand
  • Multiplier = change in AD / change in spending
  • Why does this happen?
    • Expenditures & income flow continuously which sets off a spending increase in the economy


Calculating the Spending Multiplier


  • The Spending multiplier can be calculated from the MPC or MPS
  • Multiplier = 1/1- MPC or 1/MPS
  • Multipliers are (+) when there is an increase in spending and (-) when there is a decrease


Calculating the Tax multiplier


  • money is now leaving the circular flow
  • Tax Multiplier = -MPC/1-MPC or -MPC/MPS
  • If there is a tax CUT, then the multiplier is + because there is now more money in the circular flow



Aggregate Supply and Demand Graph

Macro 3.2- Aggregate Supply Practice

Aggregate Supply

Long run vs. Short run


  • Long run: period of time where imput prices are flexible and adjust to changes in price level
    • The level of real GDP supplied is independent of the price level
    • (Vertical at full employment)
  • SHORT RUN: (goes to the sky)
    • period of time where input prices are sticky and do not adjust to changes in price level
    • level of real GDP supplied is directly related to price level

Changes in Short Run Aggregate Supply


  • An inc in SRS is seen as a shift rk the right. SRAS →
  • A Decrease in SRAS is seen as a shift to the left. SRAS ←
  • The key to understanding shifts SRAS is per unit cost of production
    • Per unit cost of production=total input cost/total output


Determinants of SRS

Input Prices:


  • deals with wages (75 percent) & raw materials, foreign resource prices (ex: strong $ = lower foreign resource price), and marker power (ex: monopoly)
    •  increase in resource Prices=SRAS decrease ←
    •  decrease in resources prices = SRAS inc →

Productivity


  • Productivity=total output/total input
    • more productivity = lower unit production cost = SRAS →
    • Lower productivity = higher unit production cost = SRAS ←


Legal-Institutional Environment


  • Taxes & Subsidies
    • Taxes ($ to gov't) on business increase per unit production cost = SRAS ←
    • Subsidies ($ from Gov't) to business reduce per unit production cost=SRAS →
  • Gov't Regulations
    • Gov't Regulations creates a cost of compliance = SRAS ←
    • Deregulation reduces compliance cost = SRAS →


Full Employment


  • Full employment equilibrium exists where the AD intersects SRAS and LRAS at the same point
    • Recessionary Gap
      • Exists when equilibrium occurs below full employment output
    • Inflationary Gap
      • Exists when equilibrium occurs beyond full employment output
  • AD increase = real GDP, inflation , price level increases (unemployment decreases) 
    •  Increase in SRAS ←: real gDP increase; inflation, price level

Macro Aggregate Demand Practice

Aggregate Demand

Aggregate Demand


  • Shows the amount of real GDP that the private, public, and foreign sector collectively desire to purchase at each possible price range.
  • - The relationship b/w the price kevel and the level of real GDP is inverse.
  • (X axis): PL for price level
  • (Y axis): GDPr for Real GDP


 Reasons AD is Downward Sloping


  • Real balances effects
    •  when the price level is high, households and businesses cannot afford to purchase as much output
    • When the prices level is low households and businesses can afford to purchase more outputs
  • Interest Rate effect
    • A higher price level increases the interest rate which tends to discourage investment
    • A lower price level decreases the interest rate which tends to encourage investment
  • Foreign Purchases effect
    • A higher price level increases the demand for relatively cheaper imports
    • A lower price level increases the foreign demand for relatively cheaper U.S exports


Shifts in Aggregate Demand (AD)


  • There are two parts to a shift in AD
    • a change in C, Ig, G and /or Xn
    • A multiplier effect that the produces a greater change than the original change in the 4 components
  • Increase in AD=AD →
  • Decrease in AD = AD ←



Determinants of AD

CONSUMPTION


  • House spending is affected by
    • Consumer Wealth
      •     More wealth = more spending (AD shifts →)
      •     Less Wealth = less spending (AD shifts ←)
    • Consumer Expectations
      •      Positive expectations = more spending (AD shifts →)
      •      Negative expectations= less spending (AD shifts ←)
    • Household Indebtedness
      •      Less debt = more spending (AD shifts →)
      •      More debt = less spending (AD shifts ←)
    • Taxes
      •      Less taxes = more spending (AD shifts →)
      •      More taxes = less spending (AD shifts ←)

GROSS PRIVATE INTEREST RATE

  • Interest Spending Is Sensitive to:
    • The Real Interest Rate
      •    Lower interest rate = more investment (AD→)
      •    Higher int. Rate = less investment (AD ←)
    •    Expected Returns
      •      Higher expected returns = more investment (AD→)
      •     .Lower exp. Returns = less investment (AD ←)
  • . Weak foreign economic = less exports = (AD ←) Returns are Influenced by:
    • Expectation of future profitability
    • Technology
    • Degree of excess Capacity (existing stock of capital)
    • Business Taxes

GOVERNMENT SPENDING

  • ·More gov't spending (AD →)
  • ·Less gov't spending (AD←)

NET EXPORTS

  • Net exports are sensitive to:
    • Exchange rates (international value of $)
      •   Strong $ = more imports and fewer exports = (AD ←)
      •   Weak $ = fewer imports and more exports = (AD→)
  • -Relative income
    • . Strong foreign economic = more exports = (AD→)